详解python3类型注释annotations实用案例

(编辑:jimmy 日期: 2024/12/27 浏览:2)

1、类型注解简介

Python是一种动态类型化的语言,不会强制使用类型提示,但为了更明确形参类型,自python3.5开始,PEP484为python引入了类型注解(type hints)

示例如下:

详解python3类型注释annotations实用案例 

2、常见的数据类型

  • int,long,float: 整型,长整形,浮点型
  • bool,str: 布尔型,字符串类型
  • List, Tuple, Dict, Set: 列表,元组,字典, 集合
  • Iterable,Iterator: 可迭代类型,迭代器类型
  • Generator:生成器类型
  • Sequence: 序列

3、基本的类型指定

def test(a: int, b: str) -> str:
  print(a, b)
  return 200


if __name__ == '__main__':
  test('test', 'abc')

函数test,a:int 指定了输入参数a为int类型,b:str b为str类型,-> str 返回值为srt类型。可以看到,在方法中,我们最终返回了一个int,此时pycharm就会有警告;

调用这个方法时,参数a 输入的是字符串,此时也会有警告;

but…,pycharm这玩意儿 只是提出了警告,但实际上运行是不会报错,毕竟python的本质还是动态语言

详解python3类型注释annotations实用案例

4、复杂的类型指定

指定列表

from typing import List
Vector = List[float]


def scale(scalar: float, vector: Vector) -> Vector:
  return [scalar * num for num in vector]


# type checks; a list of floats qualifies as a Vector.
new_vector = scale(2.0, [1.0, -4.2, 5.4])
print(new_vector)

指定 字典、元组 类型

from typing import Dict, Tuple, Sequence

ConnectionOptions = Dict[str, str]
Address = Tuple[str, int]
Server = Tuple[Address, ConnectionOptions]


def broadcast_message(message: str, servers: Sequence[Server]) -> None:
  print(message)
  print(servers)

# The static type checker will treat the previous type signature as
# being exactly equivalent to this one.


if __name__ == '__main__':
  broadcast_message('OK', [(('127.0.0.1', 8080), {"method": "GET"})])

详解python3类型注释annotations实用案例

这里需要注意,元组这个类型是比较特殊的,因为它是不可变的。
所以,当我们指定Tuple[str, str]时,就只能传入长度为2,并且元组中的所有元素都是str类型

5、创建变量时的类型指定

对于常量或者变量添加注释

from typing import NamedTuple


class Employee(NamedTuple):
  name: str
  id: int = 3


employee = Employee('Guido')
# assert employee.id == 3  # 当类型一致时,不会输出内容,反之报错
assert employee.id == '3'  # 当类型一致时,不会输出内容,反之报错
# AssertionError

指定一个变量odd,显式的声明了它应该是整数列表。如果使用mypy来执行这个脚本,将不会收到任何提示输出,因为已经正确地传递了期望的参数去执行所有操作。

from typing import List

def odd_numbers(numbers: List) -> List:
  odd: List[int] = []
  for number in numbers:
    if number % 2:
      odd.append(number)

  return odd

if __name__ == '__main__':
  numbers = list(range(10))
  print(odd_numbers(numbers))

mypy 安装

pip install mypy

执行 mypy file,正常情况下不会报错

C:\Users\Sunny_Future\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python36\Scripts\mypy.exe tests.py

# 指定 环境变量或者 linux 下可以直接执行 mypy
# mypy tests.py

Success: no issues found in 1 source file

详解python3类型注释annotations实用案例

接下来,尝试更改一下代码,试图去添加整形之外的其他类型内容!那么执行则会检查报错

from typing import List


def odd_numbers(numbers: List) -> List:
  odd: List[int] = []
  for number in numbers:
    if number % 2:
      odd.append(number)

  odd.append('foo')

  return odd


if __name__ == '__main__':
  numbers = list(range(10))
  print(odd_numbers(numbers))

代码中添加一个行新代码,将一个字符串foo附加到整数列表中。现在,如果我们针对这个版本的代码来运行mypy

C:\Users\Sunny_Future\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python36\Scripts\mypy.exe tests.py

详解python3类型注释annotations实用案例

tests.py:114: error: Argument 1 to “append” of “list” has incompatible type “str”; expected “int”
Found 1 error in 1 file (checked 1 source file)

6、 泛型指定

from typing import Sequence, TypeVar, Union

T = TypeVar('T')   # Declare type variable


def first(l: Sequence[T]) -> T:  # Generic function
  return l[0]


T = TypeVar('T')       # Can be anything
A = TypeVar('A', str, bytes) # Must be str or bytes
A = Union[str, None]     # Must be str or None

7、再次重申

在Python 3.5中,你需要做变量声明,但是必须将声明放在注释中:

# Python 3.6
odd: List[int] = []

# Python 3.5
odd = [] # type: List[int]

如果使用Python 3.5的变量注释语法,mypy仍将正确标记该错误。你必须在 #井号之后指定type:。如果你删除它,那么它就不再是变量注释了。基本上PEP 526增加的所有内容都为了使语言更加统一。

8、不足之处

虽然指定了 List[int] 即由 int 组成的列表,但是,实际中,只要这个列表中存在 int(其他的可以为任何类型)pycharm就不会出现警告,使用 mypy 才能检测出警告!

from typing import List


def test(b: List[int]) -> str:
  print(b)
  return 'test'


if __name__ == '__main__':
  test([1, 'a'])

pycharm 并没有检测出类型错误,没有告警

详解python3类型注释annotations实用案例mypy

工具 检测到 类型异常,并进行了报错

详解python3类型注释annotations实用案例 

9、demo

# py2 引用
from__future__import annotations
class Starship:
  captain: str = 'Picard'
  damage: int
  stats: ClassVar[Dict[str, int]] = {}

  def __init__(self, damage: int, captain: str = None):
    self.damage = damage
    if captain:
      self.captain = captain # Else keep the default

  def hit(self):
    Starship.stats['hits'] = Starship.stats.get('hits', 0) + 1

enterprise_d = Starship(3000)
enterprise_d.stats = {} # Flagged as error by a type checker
Starship.stats = {} # This is OK
from typing import Dict
class Player:
  ...
players: Dict[str, Player]
__points: int

print(__annotations__)
# prints: {'players': typing.Dict[str, __main__.Player],
#     '_Player__points': <class 'int'>}
class C:
  __annotations__ = 42
  x: int = 5 # raises TypeError